These hclude bibliographic information for each source cited in the research rport. Quality research adheres to the scientific method.
For research on child and adolescent development to serve its ultimate purpose, researchers must be governed by ethical principles. Teachers are both producers of knowledge when they conduct research and are consumers or end users knowledge when they utilize research findings to improve insffuction. Research has a transformative effect on teachers' self-understanding and on their classroom practice.
It enables teachers to develop a better understanding qf themselves, their classrooms, and their practice through the act of reflective inquiry. Or you may want to research on a research problem you consider to be relevant and significant.
Have it checked by your teacher. With your'teacher as resedrch adviser, conduct a research on the approved problem. Your teacher may set aside a day or two for the research presentation by group. The research groups may take turn serving as panel of reactors during the research presentation. For evaluation, you may use the Scoring Rubric below for the research paper and the Research Presentation Rubric for your presentation.
EE cLo x ya9. Reflect on the of tiris attitude. What can be done to prevent this? Write your consequences. Freud's views about human development are more than a century He can be considered the most well known psychologist becausl of his very interesting theory about the uncons. Although a lot of his views were criticized and some considered them debunked, he himself recanted some of his earlier views. Freud's theory remains to be one of the most influential in psychology.
His theory sparked the ideas in the brilliant minds of other theorists and thus became the starting point of many other theories, notable of which is Erikson's psychosocial theory in Module 7. Recall a recent incident in your life when you had to make a decision. Narrate the situation below. Indicate what the decision was about, the factors that were involved and how you arrived at your decision. What tactors int'luenced you in making your decision? Which of the following did you consider most in rnaking your decision: what will make you feel satisfied, what is most beneficial or practical, or what you' believed was the most moral thing to do?
Elaborate on your answer. As a person grows, the personality is also formed. Many psychologists present different views'about how personality develops. As mentioned. Frer-rd presents a very interesting theory about personality.
Read on and hopefully it will also. As you read through F'reud's, theory, fill out the graphic organizer below to hightight the important concepts:. Freud's Stages qf Psychosexual Development Frbud is the most popular psychologist that studied the development of personality, als6 probably the most controversial. His theory of psychosexual development includes five distinct stages. Th,e theory is quite interesting for many because Freud identified specific erogenous zones for each stage ol development.
As an adutt, the person will'now manifest behaviors related to this erogenous zone. Oral Stage birth to 18 months ; The erogenous zone is the mouth. Too much or too little satisfaction can lead to an oral Fixation or oral Personality which is shown in an increased focus on oral activities.
This type of personality may be oral receptive, that is, have a stronger tendency to smoke, drink alcohol, overeat, or oral aggressive, that is, with a tendency to bite his or her naits, or use curse words or even gossip.
As a result, these persons may become too dependent on others, easily fooled, and lack leadership traits. The chitd,s focus. The child finds satisfaction in eliminating and retaining feces. Through society's expectations, particularly the child needs to work on toilet training. Let us remember that. Therefore a struggle might exist in the toilet training process when the child retains feces when asked to eliminate, or may choose to defecate when asked to hold feces for some reason.
Phallic stage ages 3 to 6. The pleasure or erogenous zone is the gertitals. During the preschool age, children becornd interested in what makes boys and girls different.
Preschoolers will sometimes be seen fondling their genitals. Freud's studies led him to bblieve that during this stage boys develop unconscious sexual desire for their mother. Boys- then see their father as a rival for her mother's affection. Boys may fear that their father will punish them for these feelings, thus, the castration. By identifying with and strong competition.
The children's. Boysusuallyrelatemorewithboysand girls with girls during this stage' psychosexual Genital Stage puberty onwards ' The fifth stage. The id. So u consideratior. Freud says thar, a child is bom with the id. The id plays r riml role in one's personality because as a baby, it works so that the. The id operates on the pleasurb pinciple. It lbcuses on irnmediate gratification or satisfaction of its -eds. So whatever feels good now is what it will pursue with no eonsideratiorr for the reality, logicality or practicality of the situation.
F'or exanrple, a baby is hungry. It's id wants food or mirk Nothing else matters to the id except the satisfaction of its own rceds. Just see how babies cry any time of day and night! Absolutely rc regard of whether momrny is tired or daddy is sleeping. The ego. As the biby turns into a toddler and then into a. Tlre ego operates using the reatity principle.
It is auare that others also have needs to be met. It is practical because it tnorvs that being irnpulsive or selfish can result to negative consequences hter. As sch. Although it f'unctions to help the id nreet its needs. The superego. Near the end of,'the preschool years, or the end of the phatlic stage, the superego deve.
The superego embodies a person,s morat aspect. This develops from what the parents, teachers and other persons who exeft influence irnpa to,be good or moqaL on The superego is likened to conscience bec. Of coursi it is not easy ego' and strike a balance. On the opposite direction, one may find the superego harsh so strong that the ego is overpowered.
The-person becomes so person's best effort and judgmental to himself and others' actions. The to be gioO may still fall short of the superego's sxpectations. His exporiences about how things he the do to allowed met his needs, the extent io which'he was wrong, all wanted to do, and also how he was taught about right and that a figures to the type of personality and consequent adjustment is individual ;;; Jff.
Freud said that mosr what we so through in our lives, emotions, beliefs, feelings, and impulses deep within are not of what available to us at a conscious level. He believed that most Complex Electra influence us is our unconscious, The Oedipus dnd out of mentioned earlier were both buried down into the unconscious, these while our awareness due to the extreme anxiety they caused.
Freud also said that all that we are aware of is a very stored in our conscious mind. Our conscious mind only comprises onlyare small part of who we are so that, in Qur everyday life, we most of aware of a very small part of what makes up our personality; what we are is hidden and out of reach'. The subconscious. The last part is the preconscious or subconrious. This is the part of us that we can reach if. Its right below the surface, but still lridden" somewhat unless we search for it.
Because the unconscious is so huge, and because we are only aware of the very small conscious at any given time, Freud used the analogy of the iceberg to illustrate it. A big part of the iceberg is hidden beneath the water's surface. The water, rnay represent all that we are not aware of, have not experienced, and that has not been made part of our personalities, referred to as the noncoriscious.
Freud used the case study method to gather the data he used to formutate his theories. Among the many case studies, five really stood out is bases of his cdncepts and ideas. Do further ryaling of these case studies and write a reaction paper on one of these case studies focusing on how he explained the personality development of the individuals in the case studies. From your intemet search engine, just type Freud's case studies. Notp Freud's ideas about hypnosis, free association and interpretatiOn of dreams.
Do you think his ideas are still useful today? Explain your views. You won't need a passport, just follow these steps:.
Go to www. Culture" Seat back and enjoy the virtual tour! The pictures and writeups are so interesting!!!! As in any visit to a museum, it would be good to take some notes.
Make notes of the following and add your own ideas and comments as well Describe Freud's family background. Describe the composition of his family. What do you think was it like for Freud growing up in this family?
Jean Piaget's Cognitive Theory of Development is truly a classic in the field of educational psychology. This theory fueled other researches and theories of development and learning. Its focus is on how individuals consffuct knowledge. The class may choose each of ttre situation before analysis is done. It's Christmas and Uncle Bob is giving "aguinaldo" to the children. Three year-old Karen did not want to receive the one hundred peso bill and instead preferred to receive four 20 peso bills.
Her ten year-old cousins were telling her it's better to get the one hundred bill, but they failed to convince her. Siblings, Tria, 10; Enzo, 8; and Riel, 4 were sorting out their stuffed animals. They had 7 bears, 3 dogs, 2 cows and I dolphin. Mommy, a psychology teacher, enters and says, "Good thing you're sorting those. Do you have more stuffed animals or morp bears?
Piaget w in philosophy. She saw mommy pick it up. Liza again drops her new spoon, and she does this several times more on purpose. Mommy didn't like it at all but Lizir appeared to enjoy dropping the spoons the whole time. On situation 2: Why do you think Riel answered "Bears?
The children in thb situations presented above were of different ages and so also should apparent differences in the way they thought. They were in different stages of cognitive development. Perhaps no one has influenied the field of cognitive development more than Jean Piaget. As you read through this Module you will come to understand cognitive development of.
For sixty years, Jean. Piaget conducted research on cognitive development. His research method involved observing a small number of individuals as they responded to cognitive tasks that he designed. These tasks were later known as Piagetian tasks. Piaget called his general theoretical framework "genetic epistemology" because he was interested in how knowledge de. Piaget was initially into biology and he also had a background in philosophy. Knowledge from both these disciplines influenced his theories and research of child development.
Out of his researches, liaget came up with the staseq of cognitive development. Piaget exainined the implications of his theory not only to'aspects. His theory has bien applied widely to teaching and curriculum design specially in the preschool and elementary curricula. Basic Cognitive ConcePts Schema. Piaget used the term "schema" to refer to the cognitive structures by which individuals intellectually adapt to and organize their environment.
It is an. For instance, if a child sees a dog for the first time, he creates his own schema of what a dog is. It has four legs and a tail. It barks. It's furry. The child then "puts this description of a dog o'on file" in his mind. When he sees another similar dog,'he "pulls" out the file his schema of a dog in his mind, looks at the animal; and says.
That's a dog! This is the process of fitting a new experience into an existing or previously created cognitive structure or schema' If the child sees ariother dog, this time a little smaller one, he would make sense of what he is seeing by adding this new information a differentlooking dog into his schema of a dog. This is the process of creating a new schema. He might try to fit it into his schema of a dog, and say, "Look mommy, what a funny looking dog' Its bark is funny too!
That's a goat! He now adds a new file in his filiirg cabinet. Piaget believed that that people have the natural need to understand how the world works and to find order, structure, and predictability in their life. EQuitibration is achieving proper balance between'assimilation and accommodation.
This means there is a discrepancy between what is perceived and what is understood. We then exert effort through assimilation and accommodation to establish equilibrium. Cognitive development involves a continuous effort to adapt to the environment in terms of assimilation and accommodation. In this sense, Piaget's theory is similar in nature to other constructivist perspectives of leaming like Bruner and VYgotskY. Egocentri his. Yo for his nu funderstanr daddy.
Piagetrs Stages of Cognitive Developtnent Stage 1. Sensori-motor Stage. The first stage corresponds from, birth to infancy. This is the stage when a child who is initially reflexive in grasping, sucking and reaching becomes mere organized in his movement and activity, The term sensori-motot focuses on the prominence of the senses and muscle movement through which the infant comes to leam about tiimself and the world.
Object permanence. This is the ability of the rhitd to know' that an object still exists even when out of sight. This ability is attained in the sensory motor stage. Please refer to Unit 2, Module 13 for more notes. Stage 2. Pre-Operational Stage. The preoperational stage covers from about two to seven years old, roughly corresponding io the preschool years. Intelligence at this stage is intuitive in nature. At this stage, the child can now make mehtal representations and is able to pretend, the child is noW ever closer to the use of symbols.
This stage is highlighted by the following:. Symbolic Function. This is the ability to represent objects and events. A symbol is a thing that represents something else. A drawing, a written word, or a spoken word comes to be understood as representing a real obiect like a real MRT ffain. Symbolic function gradually develops in the period between 2 to 7 years. Riel, a two-yar old may pretend that she is drinking from a glass which is really empty. Though she already pretends the presence of water, the glass remains to be a glass.
At around four years of age, Nico, may, after pretending to drink from an empty glass. By the age of 6 or 7 the child can pretend' play with objects that exist only in his mind.
Enzo, who is six, can do a whole ninia turtle routine without any costume nor "props". Tria, who is 7 can pretend to host an elaborate princess ball only in her mind. This is the tendency of the child to only see his. The child cannot take the perspective of others.
You see this in five year-old boy yho buys a toy truck for his mother's birthday. This refrs to the'tendency of the child to only focus on one aspect of a thing or event and exclude other aspects. For example, when a ch'ild is presented with two identical glasses with the same amount of water. However, once water from one.
The child only focused or 'teptered" only one aspect of the new glass, that it is a taller glass. The child was not able to perceive that the new glass is flso narrower. Pre-operational children still have the inability o 'reverse their.
This is the tendency of children to anribute human like, traits or characteristics to inanimate objects. When at nigtn the child is asked, where the sun is, she will reply, "Mr. Sun is asleep. Reasoning appears to be from particular to particular i. For example, since her mommy comes home everyday around six o' clock in the evening. Stage 3. Cpncrete-Operational Stage. This stage is characterized by the ability of the child to think logically but only in terms of concrete objects.
This covers approximately the ages between,,8-ll years or the elementary school years. The concrete,,operational stage is marked by the following: Decentbring. This refers to the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations. No longer is the child focused or limited to one aspect or dimension. This allows the child to be more logical when dealing with concrete obiects and situations.
During the stage of concrete operations. For example, they can already comprehend the commutative propefty of addition. Hypothetk: different'hy data in ordr be done in can now dq Analogical I tionship in o down possib The individr analogy. This is the ability to know thai cenain properties of ob. Because of the development of the child's ability of decentering and also reversibility,.
The children progress to attain conservation abilities gradually being a pre-conserver, a transitional thinker antJ then a conserver. This refers to the ability to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight. Stage 4. Formal Operational Stage. In the final stage of formal operations covering ages between 12 and l5 years, thinking becomes more logical.
They can now solve abstract problems and can hypothesize. Hypothetical Reasoning. This is the ability to come up with different'hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weigh data in order to make a final decision or.
This can be done in thL absence of concrete objects. The individuals can now deal with "What if' questions. Analogical reasoning. This is the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to nanow down possible answers in another similar situdtion or problem. The individual in the formal operations stage can make an analogy. The individual will reason that sincb''the UK is found in the continent of Europe then the Philippines is found in what continent?
Then Asia is his answsn'Through reflective thought and even in. Deductive Reasoning. This is the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a pafticular instance or situation. For example, all countries near the north pole have cold tempera,tures. Greenland is near the North pole. Therefore, Greenland has cold temperature.. Children will provide di.
Cognitive development is facilitated by providing activities or situations that engage leamers and require adaptation i. Learning materials and activities should involve the apprppriate level of motor or mental operations foi a child of given age; avoid asking students to perform tasks that are beyond their. Choose a story you want to use for this activity.
It can be from. Use the matrix below to relate the characters. What is his. Examples: Cite instances why you say he is in this. What he thought of, how he'thought, his reactions and attitudes. What is her stage of cognitive development? Examples: Cite instances why you say she is in this stage. Examples: Cite instances why you say he is in this stage.
Examples: Cite instances why you say heishe is in this stage. Organize a talk show. Four students volunteer or will be assigned by teacher to act as Piaget. Owning Season pass 2 will be sufficient to get access to this DLC.
That's a good idea. Shadows of Evil will bring darkness and chaos like never before, while delivering a totally unique and highly creative gameplay setting, complete with a mind-blowing experience with a captivating storyline, as well as its own XP Progression System.
Popularity - 33, views, But you can still have modded weapons to an extent that are still far more powerful than normal ones. Legendary Class Mods Bl3 Farm. Established in , Eznpc is a reliable website for Borderlands 3 Items, which has a great reputation in the market. Posted: Aug 8 This is my signature. I generally just farm graveward in offline mode. Upon hitting a critical, 2 bullets So, Borderlands 3 Mods file are additional features, maps, weapons, skins and etc which improve your game with unseen options in game.
First of all: Thank you for using B3HM! Check out the wiki if you have any question before reaching out! B3HM is a standalone tool to manage hotfix mods for Borderlands 3. This weapons guide will tell you exactly which grenade mods you should have equipped in your inventory. Best of all, however For Hyperion branded weapons, you get to have a shield when aiming down your sights. Borderlands 3 Announced Trailer. There are seven of them, and most can drop from specific enemies.
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The ultimate weapon for Amara. Here's the best place for doing it in Borderlands 3. This gear is specific because it only drops on M4 difficulty. A lot of these world drop legendaries eventually got a loot source assigned. Make sure you're nearby and extremely close to each other. Is there a mod of sorts that increases weapon damage starting from 1 or 0 and only increases the more kills you get?
Gearbox completely overhauled the loot system for the sequel and increased the variety and number of weapons to untold levels. The latest ones are on Sep 13, This time we have a full working website to customize your save files instead of a cheat engine tool.
This legendary guns tier list will show you the best of them. One key strategy for playing an effective Borderlands 3 game, with FL4K or otherwise, is to compile a build of skills, weapons, and augmentations that complement or enhance each other. Bl3 modded weapons The item is not modded in any way. Posted: Nov 9 While every other weapon in Borderlands 3 is procedurally generated and extremely variable, the uber-rare gold Legendary weapons have been carefully crafted to offer a completely new and often very bizarre experience with each one.
User Info: Shadowhunter Depends, If your Zane, your actually not looking for a weapon, your looking for the seein' dead class mod in DLC 1. Luckily, these days there are tons of mods that you can use to mold Black Ops 3 into the game you always wanted it to be. And is probably one of the best Legendary weapons that this DLC has to offer. Our Borderlands 3 FL4K Leveling Build Guide features a complete step-by-step leveling guide, mainly focusing on your output of critical damage and aggro relief while keeping the early progression exciting and powerful.
So yea is it really that easy or are you jumping over some stuff here Idk about gta 5 but i saw a lot of working cheat engine tables you could use without getting banned and i think you won't be banned for this even if you Borderlands 3 Modding.
After that, click the folder icon next to the computer icon and select the Borderlands - Cheats PC. Hover over each cheat to see individual notes for each one. Open Cheat Engine. Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel! The three main groups of prefixes are the accessory, element, and grip prefixes. Before you open one you need to activate the chest cheat in the cheat table. Free download. Once the mission is over turn off the cheat lest your game will get glitches.
I know using mods can be scary if you've never done it before, but I'll walk you through every step, and it makes things so much easier. View Page. Gameplay-facilitating trainer for Borderlands.
Help please. Cheat Engine is an amazing game hacking app and we will teach you how to use it The file will first go through the debugging process. You'll need the. See all games. If you find a list or know additional commands I'd be happy to hear them.
Hex,Dec calculator. Based on Borderlands. Both comments and pings are currently closed. I don't think you're understanding what I was saying in the above post. In order to enter a Destiny 2 code and receive the rewards, you need to visit the redemption page on Bungie. Navigate to the Borderlands3.
Steam Squad. With a wide variety of Cheats and God items selection you can change the game in a totally different way. Super Weapon Damage. If you encounter any problems crashes, etc , please create a new GitHub issue.
As the name implies, they are cheats that you need to enter in the game developer's console. Keep the list. Ammo Inf. In Borderlands: The Pre-Sequel, characters start accumulating skill points at level 3, resulting in 48 skill points at level 50, 58 points at level 60, and 68 at level Add this game to my: Borderlands 3.
Borderlands 3 is coming and Borderlands fans are extremely excited. Look for a rusted brown plane wreck. Silent Hill 2. This cheat is for the Steam 1. Main article: The Zombie Island of Dr.
Posted: Sat Jul 02, am Post subject: Hero wrote: Already have borderlands from previous sale. Tags: File Formats, Hacking, Tools. Read more. Or 'X' The box to enable it. Older versions. Enforcer focuses on damage stats, while Survivor on health regeneration, and shield abilities. Once player two has left the game, have player one quit the game without saving by signing out of your profile, going , results match your search. Download the exe available at Releases; Run the exe; Click Open and select your profile.
Koh Tao is a beautiful island in Thailand. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word in capitals. DiscoverEU is an initiative from the European Union which gives around 30, travel passes to young Europeans each year. Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first. Choose the correct alternative.
Complete the notes with words or a number. Kim, see you at six as planned, but can you send me the directions again? Thanks, Mark. B Mark is texting Kim to fix a time and place to meet. C Kim has already sent the directions to Mark once. B The website can help people organise a holiday in different European countries. X Going backpacking around Europe by train?
Here you can find everything you need to know about planning your trip and what to take with you. Choose the best reply to each one. B Go past the church and turn left. B It was about a long train journey. There was a window in the floor so Savin could watch the fish which were. He had a satellite connection, powered by solar panels, so he could use a GPS device to check his position, the weather forecast and wind speeds.
Savin spent most of his time reading, writing about his experiences and playing his mandolin. But what about food? Savin, aged 72, has always been an adventurer. He had already crossed the Atlantic alone four times before this day voyage of 4, km from the Canary Islands to the Caribbean island of St.
So what about the feeling of solitude? Did he ever feel lonely? He insists that the time actually passed very quickly and that he never felt lonely. In fact, he says that moments of solitude are necessary because they help him to stay young and fit. Read the text and choose the correct sentence A—G to complete each space. There are two extra sentences. A And he was also able to make calls and send emails. B He plans to publish a book about his experience.
C Another time the waves were so fierce and big that the barrel nearly turned over in the water. D Well, he sometimes swam and caught fish so he had something fresh to eat. E When he woke up, he made a big breakfast. F During his adventure, there were several frightening moments.
G However, he says that this experience was completely different from the previous ones. Discuss the questions in pairs. What about when and how you use them? Read and listen to part of a talk by Stephen about a personal achievement. Which statement A, B, C or D. I had finally reached the goal I had set myself three years before.
I remember the day before the exam well. My dad took me for a long walk in the mountains. He said that the fresh air and fantastic scenery would help clear my mind.
We had a great time and I woke up full of energy and confidence on the morning of the exam. My hard work and determination certainly contributed to my success, but I have to thank my dad too, for his advice on the top of the mountain that day.
I think he was even more pleased with the result than I was! Stephen and his dad are both experienced mountain climbers. Give reasons for your answers. When you use slides, you can introduce them with certain expressions. Complete expressions 1—4 below with the words in the box.
Prepare two or three slides for a presentation on one of the following topics. Compare your ideas with the rest of the class. On pages 32—33 you will watch a TED Talk. Does he think the fastest route from A to B is always the best? Daniele Quercia is a scientist at Yahoo! Labs in Barcelona.
His work used to be all about efficiency, and getting to where you want to go as quickly as possible. But a personal experience changed all that. Now he is interested in enjoying the journey, not just the quickest route between two places. He and his team crowdsource their research: they get members of the public to play an online game. Players choose between pairs of photos of urban scenes. Daniele has used the information from the game to design a mapping app that shows the happy path to your destination.
Understanding accents When you travel abroad or listen to people on TV and the internet, you will hear foreign and regional accents in English. Compare the pronunciation of the underlined sounds. I have a confession to make. How do you say these sentences? Listen to Daniele and a native speaker to compare. Which of these statements do you agree with? Answer the questions. A Moving from Boston to Barcelona. B A bicycle race he took part in.
C His commute to work. How was the new route different from the old one? A It went along Massachusetts Avenue. B It had less traffic. C It was shorter and quicker. What does Daniele say about mapping apps? A They encourage people to explore more. B They give too many choices about the route. C They are very similar to computer games. Which kind of route would you prefer to use to get around your city? Give reasons for each one.
Look at a map of your town, or a city that you know well. Plan two one-hour walking routes for the city. This must include as many beautiful sights and interesting places as possible.
This must include the places most likely to interest teenagers who are visiting the city. Compare your routes and discuss the questions. Would you like to try one? Put these words into the correct category. Then work in pairs and add more words to each category.
Write five sentences about sports using the words in Ex. Write a verb from the box next to each set of possible collocations. Read the statements 1—6. Which sport or sports could the statements be about? I only do it to keep fit. Do you do any sports for the reasons in bold in Ex.
What other reasons can you think of for doing sport? Look at the photos of a young climber, Ashima Shiraishi, and read the caption on page What do you think the V scale measures?
Read the sentences about Ashima in the grammar box. Which one uses the Past simple? Match the sentences a—e in the grammar box to the rules 1—5.
Past simple We use the Past simple to talk about: 1 completed actions in the past. The time is often stated last week, yesterday, in Present perfect We use the Present perfect to talk about: 2 actions which started in the past and continue to the present. We often use for and since to say how long the action has continued. We often use just to emphasize that it happened very recently.
Speed climbing is a race against the clock. Competitors try to climb a fifteen-metre wall as quickly as they can. When they reach the top they must hit a button to stop the clock. B Lots of different ones — football, volleyball, swimming. I A So what do you do now? I since , and my team is quite good. A Wow! A friend enjoy it. Put the verbs in the correct form of the Past simple or Present perfect to complete the mini-dialogues.
When I be the competition last year, you really good. Talk about your own experiences of sport. Use the questions in Ex. Underline the phrasal verb and circle its synonym. People often start doing it after seeing it in the street. Our bodies need time to prepare for sport.
Can they challenge them for a place in the quarter-finals? I had to stop playing because of a hand injury. Complete the questions with the correct form of a phrasal verb from Ex. Why did you stop? Do you 6 Do you ever go to a gym to enjoy it? Now read and listen to the article. Complete paragraphs 1—6 with the topic sentences a—f. Topic sentences are usually the first sentence of the paragraph.
In the s there were an estimated , lions across Africa, but since then numbers have decreased dramatically, to around 20, today. Reasons include a loss of habitat as the human population has grown, and the trade in lion body parts.
However, another threat to the lions may soon be a thing of the past. In Maasai culture, killing lions has been an important tradition amongst the men because it shows their physical strength and skill.
The Maasai also hunt lions when the lions kill their cows. Unfortunately, this has brought the lion population to dangerously low levels. Conservationists have believed for some time that the number of lion killings can be reduced without destroying the Maasai culture.
But how? The idea was to replace lion hunting with a sports event. The Maasai Olympics were born, and manyattas, or villages, from across the region were invited to join in. Since they have held three Maasai Olympics. Young men take part in six running, throwing and jumping events, which all reflect Maasai culture. Why have lion populations become smaller? A The animals have less space.
B There are a number of reasons. C The Maasai hunt them too much. D The real reasons are unknown. Hunting A is the biggest danger to the lions.
B is done by Maasai men for sport. C is part of Maasai culture and tradition. D is only done as a form of protection. All the events in the Maasai Olympics A involve throwing. B are like traditional Maasai activities. C are different in each village. D were invented by the Maasai leaders. If the women are more aware of lion conservation, they can discourage the men from hunting.
At the Games, there were two running events for women and the winners received the same prizes as the men. The coaches in each manyatta have already chosen their athletes for the team, and they are training hard. The competitors take their preparation very seriously.
Every day they warm up before exercising in groups. Although the final is over a year away, the Games have already started, as manyattas take on one another in friendly meetings before the main event. A survey among Maasai men shows that attitudes have changed. And even though trophy hunting still goes on, they see sports as an effective alternative.
When you write a summary, assume that you are writing it for someone who has not read the original text. Why are women involved in the competition? A The men wanted them to take part. B The women asked to compete. C They are equally important as men in the Maasai culture.
D They can help in the goal of reducing lion hunting. The Maasai Olympics A are changing the way many Maasai think. B have stopped the Maasai hunting lions. C are less interesting to the Maasai than killing lions. D are now the most important Maasai celebration. Start your summary like this, if you wish. One of the reasons for the decline in the number of lions in Africa is the culture of hunting and killing lions by the Maasai people. Work in small groups and read your summaries.
Are there things you could improve in your own summary? Study the grammar box. Underline examples of the Present perfect simple and circle the Present perfect continuous. How do we form the Present perfect continuous? Maasai tribes have been hunting lions as trophies for centuries. Has Jill been running? She looks exhausted! They have already chosen the athletes for the team. We use the Present perfect to talk about things where there is a connection between the present and past.
Read the news article and choose the correct options. Use the Present perfect continuous where both forms are possible. For me the experience of running past the Colosseum in a group of 15, is enough!
Last week she won her fifth competition. Rachel 2 Julie is hot and out of breath. She was doing exercises in the gym. She started when she was just a girl. Yes, she has had a passion for it since she was at school. A lot! She won the Boston Marathon four times between and Only about 50km — much less than when she was competing. Matt What about at school? Matt Been there, done that! Denise Fingers crossed! Talk the talk. Interview each other about sports and hobbies that you enjoy.
Use the questions below and any others you can think of. Choose ONE of the writing tasks below. Use the questions from Ex.
Read the statement below. Do you agree or disagree? Write two reasons to support your opinion, and one argument against it.
A student has written an opinion essay about the statement in Ex. Read the essay, then discuss the questions in pairs. What reasons does the writer give to support the argument? What arguments does the writer give with the opposite view? Circle them. What do the expressions in bold mean?
Be careful: some are false friends! The amount of time that students spend doing sport at school has decreased in many countries. Of course, these subjects like maths and English are important, but I do not think it is a good idea to take time away from sports.
Sport has several benefits. Firstly, many of us enjoy doing sport. Some students do not enjoy academic subjects but they like sport, and this may encourage them to enjoy school more. Secondly, young people are spending too much time in front of screens and not doing enough exercise in their free time, so schools should help.
Finally, sport is good for the brain as well as the body, in my view, and gives us more energy for learning. Also, there are other important subjects such as art and music.
Should we give them time, too? Overall, I would say that sport is as important as any other school subject. In fact, schools should prepare students for healthy lives as well as future jobs. I strongly believe that compulsory sport would help achieve this goal. Read the statements. What do you think?
Use the Useful Language box and make notes about your opinions on two or three of the statements. Some people think that they have a responsibility to be good role models. Competences Read the Writing Strategies box. Then use your notes to write an essay about one of the statements in Ex. Link your ideas using some of the expressions in bold from the model essay in Ex.
Which of the statements from Ex. Read about a national competition. Which three sports would you like to win equipment and facilities for at your school? Functions Agreeing I totally agree with you.
Work with another pair. Decide on the three sports you would all like to propose. Present your proposal to the class. How do you think they are feeling? Read the text and find out what it is.
Then read again and complete it with the words in the box. It is usually a 1 and dishes, like boiled eggs, 3 fruit, mixture of 2 food like biscuits, pastries, and pancakes. There are options, full of many 6 , such as yoghurt and 7 fruit smoothies, or 8 Go online and find out the difference in meaning between dish, plate and vegetable sticks.
A touch of luxury — course. Then discuss the questions with smoked salmon, avocado and for the the class. Match the cooking methods 1—6 to the correct definition a—f.
Then think of a dish or type of food for each one. Compare your ideas with a partner.
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